Bilateral bite wing (BBW)

• Patient head straight so occlusal plane is parallel to the floor
• Bite should be normal
• X-ray central beam:
  • Vertical angulation: +10°
  • Horizontal angulation:
    • Premolar BBW: 30° from mid-sagittal plane, aimed at inner canthus of the eye
    • Molar BBW: 60° from mid-sagittal plane, aimed at outer canthus of the eye

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Intraoral periapical (IOPA)

• Identification dot on film always placed towards incisal/occlusal surface of teeth and towards midline
• Vertical angulation at occlusal plane is zero, upward is negative and downwards is positive

Maxilla

• Patient head slightly tilted down so occlusal plane is parallel to the floor

Tooth	Vertical film angulation	X-ray central beam aim
Incisors	+45°	Tip of the nose
Canine	+45°	Canine eminence – distal and inferior borders of ala of nose
Premolars	+30°	Perpendicular to pupil of the eye, film is horizontal
Molars	+20°	Perpendicular to outer canthus of the eye, film is horizontal

Mandible

• Patient head slightly tilted up so occlusal plane is parallel to the floor
• Film must touch floor of the mouth

Tooth	Vertical film angulation	X-ray central beam aim
Incisors	-15°	Tip of the chin
Canine	-20°	Perpendicular to ala of nose
Premolars	-10°	Perpendicular to pupil of the eye
Molars	-5°	Perpendicular to outer canthus of the eye

Watch video

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Orthopantomogram (OPG)

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Other radiograph techniques

Intraoral radiographs

Extraoral radiographs: